Meningococcal Disease (脑膜炎)
This page is meant to help you find information about meningitis (meningococcal disease).
If you have questions that are not addressed here, please feel free to contact the 健康 & 健康服务办事处.
什么是脑膜炎球菌病?
Meningococcal disease is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial infection. 这种疾病 is expressed as either meningococcal meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord or meningococcemia, the presence of bacteria 在血液里. 这种疾病 strikes about 2,600 Americans each year.
什么导致脑膜炎球菌病?
Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, a leading 脑膜炎的病因.
How is meningococcal disease spread?
Meningococcal disease is transmitted through the air via droplets of respiratory secretions and direct contact with an infected person. Direct contact, for those purposes, is defined as oral contact with shared items such as cigarettes or drinking glasses or through intimate contact such as kissing.
症状是什么??
The early symptoms usually associated with meningococcal disease include fever, severe headaches, stiff neck, rash, nausea, vomiting and lethargy, and may resemble the flu. Because the disease progresses rapidly, often is as little as 12 hours, students are urged to seek medical care immediately if they experience two or more of these symptoms 同时.
谁有风险??
Although anyone can come in contact with the bacteria that causes meningococcal disease, data indicates certain social behaviors, such as exposure to passive or active smoking, bar patronage, and excessive alcohol consumption, may put students at increased risk 对于这种疾病. Patients with compromised immunity, those in close contact to a known case, and travelers to endemic areas of the world are also at increased risk. 情况下 and outbreaks usually occur in the late winter and early spring when school is in 会话.
疫情多久发生一次 in the population at large? 疫情多久发生一次 在大学校园里?
从 1980 to 1993, there were 21 outbreaks, three of which occurred in colleges. 从 1994 to 1996, there have been 51 outbreaks, six of which occurred in colleges (Woods 等.， CDC未发表).
Is one type of serogroup of meningococcal disease more common in college students?
Recent evidence shows the epidemiology of meningococcal disease is changing with a majority of cases (65 Percent) in the college age group caused by either Serotype C, Y or W-135, which are all 疫苗-preventable.
What is ACHA’s recommendation on meningococcal disease?
ACHA recommends that college students consider vaccination to reduce their risk for potentially fatal meningococcal disease, and that college health care providers take a proactive role in providing information and access to the meningococcal 疫苗.
Why does ACHA recommend that students consider vaccination for meningococcal disease?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance reports over the last several 年 suggest increasing incidence of outbreaks 在大学校园里. 此外, evidence shows that certain features of the campus lifestyle may put college students 患这种疾病的风险增加. Because of this ACHA recommends that colleges and universities inform all students about the disease and the availability of a safe effective 疫苗 and provide access to the 疫苗 for those students who wish to 接种疫苗. Although, the CDC’s does not recommend meningococcal vaccination for the general population, except to control outbreaks, it supports ACHA’s decision to educate students and parents about meningococcal disease and the availability of a 安全有效的疫苗.
Why should college students consider preventive vaccination with the meningococcal 疫苗?
It is estimated that 125 to 175 cases of meningococcal disease occur annually on college campuses and 15 to 20 students die each year as a result. 接种疫苗 enhances immunity to strains of bacteria that cause most cases of meningococcal disease and therefore reduces a student’s risk for disease. Development of immunity post-vaccination 需要7-10天.
疫苗的效果如何?
The meningococcal 疫苗 has been shown to provide protection against the most common strains of the disease, including serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135. 疫苗显示 to be 85 to 100 percent effective in serogroups A and C in older children and adults.
疫苗安全吗?? Are there adverse side effects to the 疫苗?
The 疫苗 is very safe and adverse reactions are mild and infrequent, consisting primarily of redness and pain at the site of injection lasting up to two days.
What is the duration of protection?
The duration of the meningococcal 疫苗’s efficacy is approximately three to five 年.